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a A
FEATURES Low Cost 3.3 V CMOS Mixed-Signal Front End (MxFETM) Converter for Broadband Modems 10-/12-Bit D/A Converter (TxDAC+(R)) 64/32 MSPS Input Word Rate 2 /4 Interpolating LPF or BPF Transmit Filter 128 MSPS DAC Output Update Rate Wide (26 MHz) Transmit Bandwidth Power-Down Mode 10-/12-Bit 50 MSPS A/D Converter Fourth Order Low-Pass Filter 12 MHz or 26 MHz with Bypass -6 dB to +36 dB Programmable Gain Amplifier Internal Clock Multiplier (PLL) Clock Outputs Voltage Regulator Controller 48-Lead LQFP Package APPLICATIONS Powerline Networking Home Phone Networking xDSL Broadband Wireless Home RF PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
PWR DN Tx QUIET GAIN Tx [5:0] Tx SYNC
Broadband Modem Mixed-Signal Front End AD9876
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
AD9876
Tx MUX 12 Kx INTERPOLATION LPF/BPF 12 TxDAC+ Tx+ Tx-
PLL-A L CLK-A CLOCK GEN CLK-B Rx SYNC PLL-B M/N
VREF VRC
GATE FB OSCIN XTAL
Rx [5:0]
Rx MUX
12
ADC
PGA
LPF
PGA
Rx+ Rx-
SPORT
3
REGISTER CONTROL
The AD9876 is a single-supply broadband modem mixed-signal front end (MxFE) IC. The device contains a transmit path interpolation filter and DAC and a receive path PGA, LPF, and ADC supporting a variety of broadband modem applications. Also on-chip is a PLL clock multiplier that provides all required clocks from a single crystal or clock input. The AD9876 provides 12-bit converter performance on both the Tx and Rx path. The TxDAC+ uses a selectable digital 2x or 4x interpolation low-pass or band-pass filter to further oversample transmit data and reduce the complexity of analog reconstruction filtering. The transmit path signal bandwidth can be as high as 26 MHz at an input data rate of 64 MSPS. The 12-bit DAC provides differential current outputs for optimum noise and distortion performance. The DAC full-scale current can be adjusted from 2 to 20 mA by a single resistor, providing 20 dB of additional gain range. The receive path consists of a PGA, LPF, and ADC. The PGA has a gain range of -6 dB to +36 dB, programmable in 2 dB steps, adding 42 dB of dynamic range to the receive path. The receive
path LPF cutoff frequency can be programmed to either 12 MHz or 26 MHz. The filter cutoff frequency can also be tuned or bypassed where filter requirements differ. The 12-bit ADC uses a multistage differential pipeline architecture to achieve excellent dynamic performance with low power consumption. The AD9876 provides a voltage regulator controller (VRC) that can be used with an external power MOSFET transistor to form a cost-effective 1.3 V linear regulator. The digital transmit and receive ports are each multiplexed to a bus width of six bits and are clocked at a frequency of twice the 12-bit word rate. The AD9876 ADC and/or DAC can also be used at sampling rates as high as 64 MSPS in a 6-bit resolution nonmultiplexed mode. The AD9876 is pin compatible with the 10-bit AD9875. Both are available in a space-saving 48-lead LQFP package. They are specified over the industrial (-40C to +85C) temperature range.
MxFE is a trademark of Analog Devices, Inc. TxDAC+ is a registered trademark of Analog Devices, Inc.
REV. A
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781/329-4700 www.analog.com 2 781/326-8703 Fax: (c) Analog Devices, Inc., 2002
10%, f 32 = 128 MHz, Gain 100 DAC unless AD9876-SPECIFICATIONS (V = 3.3 V single-ended=load,MHz, f otherwise noted. )= -6 dB, R
S OSCIN DAC
SET =
4.02 k ,
Parameter OSCIN CHARACTERISTICS Frequency Range Duty Cycle Input Capacitance Input Impedance CLOCK OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS CLK A Jitter (fCLKA Derived from PLL) CLK A Duty Cycle CLK B Jitter (fCLKB Derived from PLL) CLK B Duty Cycle Tx CHARACTERISTICS Tx Path Latency, 4x Interpolation Interpolation Filter Bandwidth (-0.1 dB) 4x Interpolation, LPF 2x Interpolation, LPF TxDAC Resolution Conversion Rate Full-Scale Output Current Voltage Compliance Range Gain Error Output Offset (Single-Ended) Differential Nonlinearity Integral Nonlinearity Output Capacitance Phase Noise @ 1 kHz Offset, 10 MHz Signal Signal-to-Noise and Distortion (SINAD) 10 MHz Analog Out AD9876 (20 MHz BW) Wideband SFDR (to Nyquist, 64 MHz Max) 5 MHz Analog Out 10 MHz Analog Out Narrow-Band SFDR (3 MHz Window): 10 MHz Analog Out IMD (f1 = 6.9 MHz, f2 = 7.1 MHz) Rx PATH CHARACTERISTICS Resolution Conversion Rate Pipeline Delay, ADC Clock Cycles DC Accuracy Differential Nonlinearity Integral Nonlinearity Dynamic Performance (ADC Clocked Direct) (AIN = -0.5 dBFS, f = 5 MHz) @ fOSCIN = 32 MHz Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD) Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) Dynamic Performance (ADC Clocked, PLLB/2) (AIN = -0.5 dBFS, f = 5 MHz) @ FPLLB/2 = 50 MHz Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD) Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
Temp Full Full 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full 25C 25C 25C Full 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C NA Full NA Full Full
Test Level II II III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III III III III I III III III III III NA II NA II II
Min 10 40
Typ
Max 64 60
Unit MHz % pF M ps rms % ps rms % fDAC Cycles MHz MHz Bits MHz mA V % FS A LSB LSB pF dBc/Hz dB dBc dBc dBc dBFS Bits MHz Cycles LSB LSB
50 3 100 14 50 5 33 50 5 86 13 26 12
10 2 -0.5 -5 0
10 2 2 1 2 5 -100 65 80 74 88 -80 12
128 20 +1.5 +5 5
62.5
7.5 5.5 -1.0 -4.5 0.25 0.5
64
+1.0 +3.5
Full Full 25C 25C 25C
I I III III III
60.8 9.8
63.2 10.2 64 -70 72
dB Bits dB dB dB
25C 25C 25C 25C 25C
III III III III III -2-
56 9.3 59 -63 68
dB Bits dB dB dB REV. A
AD9876
Parameter Rx PATH GAIN/OFFSET Minimum Programmable Gain Maximum Programmable Gain (12 MHz Filter) Maximum Programmable Gain (26 MHz Filter) Gain Step Size Gain Step Accuracy Gain Range Error Offset Error, PGA Gain = 0 dB Absolute Gain Error Rx PATH INPUT CHARACTERISTICS Input Voltage Range Input Capacitance Differential Input Resistance Input Bandwidth (-3 dB) Input Referred Noise (at -36 dB Gain with Filter) Input Referred Noise (at -6 dB Gain with Filter) Common-Mode Rejection Rx PATH LPF (Low Cutoff Frequency) Cutoff Frequency Cutoff Frequency Variation Attenuation @ 22 MHz Pass-Band Ripple Group Delay Variation Settling Time (to 1% FS, Min to Max Gain Change) Total Harmonic Distortion at Max Gain (THD) Rx PATH LPF (High Cutoff Frequency) Cutoff Frequency Cutoff Frequency Variation Attenuation @ 44 MHz Pass-Band Ripple Group Delay Variation Settling Time (to 1% FS, Min to Max Gain Change) Total Harmonic Distortion at Max Gain (THD) Rx PATH DIGITAL HPF Latency (ADC Clock Source Cycles) Roll-Off in Stop Band -3 dB Frequency Rx PATH DISTORTION PERFORMANCE IMD: f1 = 6.5 MHz, f2 = 7.7 MHz 12 MHz Filter : 0 dB Gain : 30 dB Gain 26 MHz Filter : 0 dB Gain : 30 dB Gain POWER-DOWN/DISABLE TIMING DAC IOUT OFF after Tx QUIET Asserted DAC IOUT ON after Tx QUIET De-Asserted Power-Down Delay (Active to Power-Down) DAC Interpolator Power-Up Delay (Power-Down to Active) DAC PLL ADC PGA LPF Interpolator VRC Minimum RESET Pulsewidth Low (tRL) REV. A Temp 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C Full 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C Full Full Full Test Level III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II Min Typ -6 36 30 2 0.4 1.0 10 0.8 4 4 270 50 16 684 40 12 7 20 1.0 30 150 -68 26 7 20 1.2 15 80 -65 1 6 fADC /400 Max Unit dB dB dB dB dB dB LSB dB Vppd pF MHz V rms V rms dB MHz % dB dB ns ns dBc MHz % dB dB ns ns dBc Cycle dB/Octave Hz
25C 25C 25C 25C Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full
III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II -3-
-65 -57 -65 -56 200 1 400 200 40 10 1000 1 1 200 2 5
dBc dBc dBc dBc ns s ns ns s s s s s ns s fOSCIN Cycles
AD9876
Parameter Tx PATH INTERFACE Maximum Input Nibble Rate, 2x Interpolation Tx Setup Time (tSU) Tx Hold Time (tHD) Rx PATH INTERFACE Maximum Output Nibble Rate Rx Data Valid Time (tVT) Rx Data Hold Time (tHT) SERIAL CONTROL BUS Maximum SCLK Frequency (fSCLK) Clock Pulsewidth High (tPWH) Clock Pulsewidth Low (tPWL) Clock Rise/Fall Time Data/Chip-Select Setup Time (tDS) Data Hold Time (tDH) Data Valid Time (tDV) CMOS LOGIC INPUTS Logic "1" Voltage Logic "0" Voltage Logic "1" Current Logic "0" Current Input Capacitance CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load) Logic "1" Voltage Logic "0" Voltage Digital Output Rise/Fall Time POWER SUPPLY All Blocks Powered Up IS_TOTAL (Total Supply Current) IS_TOTAL (Tx QUIET Pin Asserted) Digital Supply Current (IDRVDD + IDVDD) Analog Supply Current (IAVDD) Power Consumption of Functional Blocks: Rx LPF ADC and SPGA Rx Reference Interpolator DAC PLL-B PLL-A Voltage Regulator Controller All Blocks Powered Down Supply Current IS, fOSCIN = 32 MHz Supply Current IS, fOSCIN Idle Power Supply Rejection Tx Path (VS = 10%) Rx Path (VS = 10%) RECEIVE-TO-TRANSMIT ISOLATION (10 MHz, Full-Scale Sine Wave Output/Output) Isolation: Tx Path to Rx Path, Gain = +36 dB Isolation: Rx Path to Tx Path, Gain = -6 dB VOLTAGE REGULATOR CONTROLLER Output Voltage (VFB with SI2301 Connected) Line Regulation (VFB%/VDVDD% x 100%) Load Regulation (VFB/ILOAD) Maximum Load Current (ILOAD)
Specifications subject to change without notice.
Temp Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full 25C Full Full Full
Test Level II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II
Min 128 3.0 0 110
Typ
Max
Unit MHz ns ns MHz ns ns MHz ns ns ms ns ns ns V V A A F V V ns
3.0 1.5 25 18 18 1 25 0 20
VDRVDD - 0.7
0.4 12 12 3
VDRVDD - 0.6
1.5
0.4 2.5
Full 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C 25C Full Full 25C 25C
I III III III III III III III III III III III II II III III
262 172 77 185 110 55 2 33 18 8 24 1 19 10 62 54
288
mA mA mA mA mA mA mA mA mA mA mA mA
22 12
mA mA dB dB
25C 25C Full 25C 25C Full
III III I III III II 1.25 250
-75 -70 1.30 100 60 1.35
dB dB V % m mA
-4-
REV. A
AD9876
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* EXPLANATION OF TEST LEVELS
Power Supply (VS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 V Digital Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mA Digital Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 V to DRVDD + 0.3 V Analog Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 V to AVDD + 0.3 V Operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40C to +85C Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150C Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -65C to +150C Lead Temperature (Soldering 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300C
*Stresses greater than those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
I - Devices are 100% production tested at 25C and guaranteed by design and characterization testing for industrial operating temperature range (-40C to +85C). II - Parameter is guaranteed by design and/or characterization testing. III - Parameter is a typical value only.
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Thermal Resistance
48-Lead LQFP JA = 57C/W JC = 28C/W
ORDERING GUIDE
Model AD9876BST AD9876-EB AD9876BSTRL
Temperature Range -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C
Package Description 48-Lead LQFP Evaluation Board BST Reel
Package Option ST-48
CAUTION ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although the AD9876 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
WARNING!
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
REV. A
-5-
AD9876
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5, 38, 47 6, 9, 39, 42, 43, 46 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19-24 25 26 27 28 29-34 35 36 37 40 41 44 45 48
Mnemonic OSCIN SENABLE SCLK SDATA AVDD AVSS Tx+ Tx- FSADJ REFIO PWR DN DVSS DVDD FB GATE GAIN Tx QUIET Tx [5:0] Tx SYNC CLK-A CLK-B Rx SYNC Rx[5:0] DRVDD DRVSS RESET REFB REFT Rx+ Rx- XTAL
Function Crystal Oscillator Inverter Input Serial Bus Enable Input Serial Bus Clock Input Serial Bus Data I/O Analog 3.3 V Power Supply Analog Ground Transmit DAC+ Output Transmit DAC- Output DAC Full-Scale Output Current Adjust with External Resistor DAC Band Gap Decoupling Node Power-Down Input Digital Ground Digital 3.3 V Power Supply Regulator Feedback Input Regulator Output to FET Gate Transmit Data Port (Tx [5:0]) Mode Select Input Transmit Quiet Input Transmit Data Input Transmit Synchronization Strobe Input L x fOSCIN Clock Output M/N x fOSCIN Clock Output Receive Data Synchronization Strobe Output Receive Data Output Digital I/O 3.3 V Power Supply Digital I/O Ground Reset Input ADC Reference Decoupling Node ADC Reference Decoupling Node Receive Path + Input Receive Path - Input Crystal Oscillator Inverter Output
PIN CONFIGURATION
RESET
36 35 34 33 32
AVDD
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37
OSCIN 1 SENABLE 2 SCLK 3 SDATA 4 AVDD 5 AVSS 6 Tx+ 7 Tx- 8 AVSS 9 FSADJ 10 REFIO 11 PWR DN 12
AVDD
AVSS
AVSS
AVSS
AVSS
REFB
XTAL
REFT
Rx+
Rx-
PIN 1 IDENTIFIER
DRVSS DRVDD Rx [0] Rx [1] Rx [2] Rx [3] Rx [4] Rx [5] Rx SYNC CLK-B CLK-A Tx SYNC
AD9876
TOP VIEW (Not to Scale)
31 30 29 28 27 26 25
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Tx [5]
Tx [4]
Tx [3]
Tx [2]
Tx [1]
-6-
Tx QUIET
DVDD
GATE
DVSS
Tx [0]
GAIN
FB
REV. A
AD9876
DEFINITIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS CLOCK JITTER OFFSET ERROR
The clock jitter is a measure of the intrinsic jitter of the PLL generated clocks. It is a measure of the jitter from one rising and of the clock with respect to another edge of the clock nine cycles later.
DIFFERENTIAL NONLINEARITY ERROR (DNL, NO MISSING CODES)
First transition should occur for an analog value 1/2 LSB above negative full scale. Offset error is defined as the deviation of the actual transition from that point.
GAIN ERROR
An ideal converter exhibits code transitions that are exactly 1 LSB apart. DNL is the deviation from this ideal value. Guaranteed no missing codes to 10-bit resolution indicates that all 1024 codes, respectively, must be present over all operating ranges.
INTEGRAL NONLINEARITY ERROR (INL)
The first code transition should occur at an analog value 1/2 LSB above negative full scale. The last transition should occur for an analog value 1 1/2 LSB below the nominal full scale. Gain error is the deviation of the actual difference between the first and last code transitions and the ideal difference between the first and last code transitions.
INPUT REFERRED NOISE
Linearity error refers to the deviation of each individual code from a line drawn from "negative full scale" through "positive full scale." The point used as negative full scale occurs 1/2 LSB before the first code transition. Positive full scale is defined as a level 1 1/2 LSB beyond the last code transition. The deviation is measured from the middle of each particular code to the true straight line.
PHASE NOISE
The rms output noise is measured using histogram techniques. The ADC output codes' standard deviation is calculated in LSB and converted to an equivalent voltage. This results in a noise figure that can be directly referred to the Rx input of the AD9876.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE AND DISTORTION RATIO (SINAD)
SINAD is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, including harmonics but excluding dc. The value for SINAD is expressed in decibels.
EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS (ENOB)
Single-sideband phase noise power density is specified relative to the carrier (dBc/Hz) at a given frequency offset (1 kHz) from the carrier. Phase noise can be measured directly on a generated single tone with a spectrum analyzer that supports noise marker measurements. It detects the relative power between the carrier and the offset (1 kHz) sideband noise and takes the resolution bandwidth (rbw) into account by subtracting 10 log(rbw). It also adds a correction factor that compensates for the implementation of the resolution bandwidth, log display, and detector characteristic.
OUTPUT COMPLIANCE RANGE
For a sine wave, SINAD can be expressed in terms of the number of bits. Using the following formula: N = (SINAD - 1.76) dB 6.02 it is possible to get a measure of performance expressed as N, the effective number of bits.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR)
The range of allowable voltage at the output of a current-output DAC. Operation beyond the maximum compliance limits may cause either output stage saturation, resulting in nonlinear performance or breakdown.
SPURIOUS-FREE DYNAMIC RANGE (SFDR)
SNR is the ratio of the rms value of the measured input signal to the rms sum of all other spectral components below the Nyquist frequency, excluding harmonics and dc. The value for SNR is expressed in decibels.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD)
The difference, in dB, between the rms amplitude of the DACs output signal (or ADCs input signal) and the peak spurious signal over the specified bandwidth (Nyquist bandwidth, unless otherwise noted).
PIPELINE DELAY (LATENCY)
THD is the ratio of the rms sum of the first six harmonic components to the rms value of the measured input signal and is expressed as a percentage or in decibels.
POWER SUPPLY REJECTION
The number of clock cycles between conversion initiation and the associated output data being made available.
Power supply rejection specifies the converters maximum full-scale change when the supplies are varied from nominal to minimum and maximum specified voltages.
REV. A
-7-
AD9876 -Typical Tx Digital Filter Performance Characteristics
10 0 -10 -20
MAGNITUDE - dB
10 0 INTERPOLATION FILTER
MAGNITUDE - dB
-10 -20 -30 INCLUDING SIN(X)/X -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 INTERPOLATION FILTER
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 INCLUDING SIN(X)/X
-100 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fs
0.8
0.9
1.0
-100 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fS
0.8
0.9
1.0
TPC 1. 4
Low-Pass Interpolation Filter
TPC 4. 2 Band-Pass Interpolation Filter, fS /2 Modulation, Adjacent Image Preserved
10 0 -10 -20
MAGNITUDE - dB
MAGNITUDE - dB
10 INTERPOLATION FILTER 0 -10 -20 INCLUDING SIN(X)/X -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fS 0.8 0.9 1.0 -100 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fS 0.8 0.9 1.0 INCLUDING SIN(X)/X INTERPOLATION FILTER
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-100 0.0
TPC 2. 2
Low-Pass Interpolation Filter
TPC 5. 4 Band-Pass Interpolation Filter, fS /4 Modulation, Lower Image Preserved
10 0 -10 -20 INTERPOLATION FILTER
10 0 -10 -20 INTERPOLATION INCLUDING SIN(X)/X FILTER
MAGNITUDE - dB
MAGNITUDE - dB
-30 INCLUDING SIN(X)/X -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-100 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fS
0.8
0.9
1.0
-100 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 NORMALIZED - fS
0.8
0.9
1.0
TPC 3. 4 Band-Pass Interpolation Filter, fS /2 Modulation, Adjacent Image Preserved
TPC 6. 4 Band-Pass Interpolation Filter, fS /4 Modulation, Upper Image Preserved
-8-
REV. A
AD9876
( Typical AC Characteristics Curves for TxDAC+ (R
10 0 -10 75
SET
= 4.02 k , RDAC = 100
80
)
MAGNITUDE - dBc
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 55 -80 -90 0 13 26 38 51 64 77 90 102 115 128 50
MAGNITUDE - dBc
70
fDATA = 50MSPS
65
60
fDATA = 32MSPS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
FREQUENCY - MHz
fOUT - MHz
TPC 7. Single-Tone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 32 MSPS, fOUT = 5 MHz, 4 LPF
TPC 10. Out-of-Band SFDR vs. fOUT @ fDATA = 32 MSPS and 50 MSPS
10 0 -10 MAGNITUDE - dBc -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70
MAGNITUDE - dBc
90
85
80
fDATA = 32MSPS
75
70
fDATA = 50MSPS
65
-80 -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 FREQUENCY - MHz 80 90 100
60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
fOUT - MHz
TPC 8. Single-Tone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 50 MSPS, fOUT = 11 MHz, 2 LPF
TPC 11. In-Band SFDR vs. fOUT @ fDATA = 32 MSPS and 50 MSPS
10 0 -10 -20
10 0 -10 -20
MAGNITUDE - dBc
MAGNITUDE - dBc
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-100 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 FREQUENCY - MHz 7.3 7.4 7.5
-100 6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
FREQUENCY - MHz
TPC 9. Dual-Tone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 32 MSPS, fOUT = 6.9 MHz and 7.1 MHz, 4 LPF
TPC 12. Dual-Tone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 50 MSPS, fOUT = 6.9 MHz and 7.1 MHz, 2 LPF
REV. A
-9-
AD9876 Typical AC Characteristics Curves for TxDAC (R
10 0 -10 -20
SET
= 4.02 k , RDAC = 100
10 0 -10
MAGNITUDE - dBc
)
MAGNITUDE - dBc
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70
-100 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 FREQUENCY OFFSET - kHz 7 8 9
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 FREQUENCY - MHz
19
21
23
TPC 13. Phase Noise Plot @ fDATA = 32 MSPS, fOUT = 10 MHz, 4 LPF
TPC 15. In-Band Multitone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 50 MSPS, fOUT = k 195 kHz, 2 LPF
10 0 -10 -20
10 0 -10
MAGNITUDE - dBc
MAGNITUDE - dBc
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70
-100 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 FREQUENCY OFFSET - kHz 7 8 9
3
11
21
31
41 51 61 71 FREQUENCY - MHz
81
91
101
TPC 14. Phase Noise Plot @ fDATA = 50 MSPS, fOUT = 10 MHz, 2 LPF
TPC 16. Wideband Multitone Spectral Plot @ fDATA = 50 MSPS, fOUT = k 195 kHz, 2 LPF
-10-
REV. A
AD9876 Typical Tx Digital Filter Performance Characteristics
40 38 36 18 17 16
FREQUENCY - MHz
32 30 28 26 24 22 20 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192
FREQUENCY - MHz
34
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192
TPC 17. Rx vs. Tuning Target, fADC = 32 MHz, LPF with Wideband Rx LPF = 1
TPC 19. fC vs. Tuning Target, fADC = 32 MHz, LPF with Wideband Rx LPF = 0
0.60 0.40
2.5 2.4 2.3
0.20
2.2
MAGNITUDE - dB
MAGNITUDE - dB
0.00 -0.20 -0.40 -0.60
2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6
-0.80 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 VGA GAIN - dB
1.5 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 VGA GAIN - dB
TPC 18. PGA Gain Error vs. Gain
TPC 20. PGA Gain Step Size vs. Gain
REV. A
-11-
AD9876 Typical AC Characterization Curves for Rx Path
LOG MAG 5dB/REF - 0dB 0
0
-3.0dB 10.8MHz
DELAY
10ns/REF 0s
72.188ns 9.0MHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
TPC 21. Rx LPF Frequency Response, Low fC Nominal Tuning Targets
TPC 24. Rx LPF Group Delay, Low fC Nominal Tuning Targets
LOG MAG
5dB/REF 0dB
-3.0dB 26.5MHz 0
DELAY
5ns/REF 0s
34.431ns 22.5MHz 0
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
TPC 22. Rx LPF Frequency Response, High fC Nominal Tuning Targets
TPC 25. Rx LPF Group Delay, High fC, Nominal Tuning Targets
LOG MAG
5dB/REF 0dB
-3.0dB 14.5MHz
DELAY 14.5MHz
10ns/REF 0s
51.244ns
0
0
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
TPC 23. Rx LPF Frequency Response, Low fC 0 60 and 0 96 Turning Targets
TPC 26. Rx LPF Group Delay, Low fC, 0 0 96 Tuning Targets
60 and
-12-
REV. A
AD9876 Typical AC Characterization Curves for Rx Path (continued)
LOG DELAY 33.5MHz 5dB/REF -2dB 0 -5.1933dB
LOG DELAY
5ns/REF 0s
29.97ns 29.5MHz
COR AVG 16
0
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
TPC 27. Rx LPF Frequency Response, High fC, 0 60 and 0 96 Tuning Targets
TPC 30. Rx LPF Group Delay, High fC, 0 0 96 Tuning Targets
60 and
LOG MAG 78.8MHz COR AVG 16
5dB/REF 0dB 0
-3.01dB
700 600 FILTER ENABLED 500 400 300 200 FILTER BYPASSED 100 0
ADC INPUT RMS NOISE - V
10kHz
100kHz
1MHz
-6
4
14 GAIN SETTING - dB
24
34
TPC 28. Rx HPF Frequency Response, fADC = 32 MHz
TPC 31. Rx Input Referred Noise vs. Gain @ fADC = 32 MSPS, fIN = 1 MHz
4000 3800 3600
4000 3800
fADC = 50MHz
3600
ADC OUTPUT CODE
fADC = 50MHz 3400 3200 3000 fADC = 32MHz 2800 2600 2400 0 5 10 15 20 25 ADC CLOCK CYCLES 30 35 40
ADC OUTPUT CODE
3400 3200 3000
fADC = 32MHz
2800 2600 2400 0 5 10 15 20 25 ADC CLOCK CYCLES 30 35 40
TPC 29. Rx Path Setting, 1/2 Scale Rising Step with Gain Change
TPC 32. Rx Path Setting, 1/2 Scale Falling Step with Gain Change
REV. A
-13-
AD9876 Typical AC Characterization Curves for Rx Path (Gain = -6 dB, f
11.0 10.5 10.0
70
IN
= 5 MHz)
-50
fOSCIN
MAGNITUDE - dB
65
fOSCIN
MAGNITUDE - dB
-55
9.5
60
-60
ENOB
fPLLB/2
55
fOSCIN
-65
9.0 8.5 8.0
fPLLB/2
50
-70
fPLLB/2
45
7.5 7.0 10 20 30 40 50
40 10 20 30 40 50
-75
-80 10
20
30
40
50
fS - MHz
fS - MSPS
fS - MSPS
TPC 33. Rx Path ENOB vs. fADC
TPC 34. Rx Path SNR vs. fADC
TPC 35. Rx Path THD vs. fADC
11.0 10.5
70
-50
fOSCIN
10.0
MAGNITUDE - dB
65
fOSCIN
MAGNITUDE - dB
-55
9.5
ENOB
60
-60
fPLLB/2
9.0 8.5 8.0
55
-65
fPLLB/2
fPLLB/2
50
-70
fOSCIN
45
7.5 7.0
40
-75
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20
-80
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20
fIN - MHz
fIN - MHz
fIN - MHz
TPC 36. Rx Path ENOB vs. fIN
TPX 37. Rx Path SNR vs. fIN
TPC 38. Rx Path THD vs. fIN
11.0
70
-50
10.5 MAGNITUDE - dB MAGNITUDE - dB
10.0
ENOB
fOSCIN
65
-55
fOSCIN
9.5
60
-60
fPLLB/2
9.0
fPLLB/2
fPLLB/2
55
-65
8.5
fOSCIN
0 6 12 18 GAIN - dB 24 30 36
8.0 -6
50
-6
0
6
12 18 GAIN - dB
24
30
36
-70 -6
0
6
12 18 GAIN - dB
24
30
36
TPC 39. Rx Path ENOB vs. Gain
TPC 40. Rx Path SNR vs. Gain
TPC 41. Rx Path THD vs. Gain
-14-
REV. A
AD9876
TRANSMIT PATH
The AD9876 transmit path consists of a digital interface port, a programmable interpolation filter, and a transmit DAC. All clock signals required by these blocks are generated from the fOSCIN signal by the PLL-A clock generator. The block diagram below shows the interconnection between the major functional components of the transmit path.
Tx QUIET GAIN Tx [5:0] Tx SYNC Tx DEMUX 12 Kx INTERPOLATION LPF/BPF 12
The transmit path expects a new half-word of data at the rate of fCLK-A. When the Tx multiplexer is enabled, the frequency of Tx Port is: fCLK - A = 2 x fDAC K = 2 x L x fOSCIN /K where K is the interpolation factor that can be programmed to be 1, 2, or 4. When the Tx multiplexer is disabled, the frequency of the Tx Port is: fCLK - A = fDAC K = L x fOSCIN /K Note, this will result in a 6-bit data path.
INTERPOLATION FILTER
AD9876
TxDAC+ Tx+ Tx-
fDAC = L fCLK-A
PLL-A L
fOSCIN fOSCIN
CLK-A
OSCIN XTAL
CLOCK GEN
Figure 1. Transmit Path Block Diagram
DIGITAL INTERFACE PORT
The interpolation filter can be programmed to run at 2x and 4x upsampling ratios in each of three different modes. The transfer functions of these six configurations are shown in TPCs 1-6. The X-axis of each of these figures corresponds to the frequency normalized to fDAC. These transfer functions show both the discrete time transfer function of the interpolation filters alone and with the SIN(x)/x transfer function of the DAC. The interpolation filter can also be programmed into a passthrough mode if no interpolation filtering is desired. The contents of the interpolation filter are not cleared by hardware or software resets. It is recommended to "flush" the transmit path with zeros before transmitting data. The table below contains the following parameters as a function of the mode that it is programmed. Latency - The number of clock cycles from the time a digital impulse is written to the DAC until the peak value is output at the T+ and T- pins. Flush - The number of clock cycles from the time a digital impulse is written to the DAC until the output at the Tx+ and Tx- pins settles to zero. fLOWER (0.1 dB, 3 dB) - This indicates the lower 0.1 dB or 3 dB cutoff frequency of the interpolation filter as a fraction of fDAC, the DAC sampling frequency. fUPPER (0.1 dB, 3 dB) - This indicates the upper 0.1 dB or 3 dB cutoff frequency of the interpolation filter as a fraction of fDAC, the DAC sampling frequency.
Table I. Interpolation Filter Parameters vs. Mode
Register 7 [7:4] 0 Mode Latency, fDAC Clock Cycles Flush, fDAC Clock Cycles fLOWER, 0.1 dB fUPPER, 0.1 dB fLOWER, 3 dB fUPPER, 3 dB 0 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 8 0 C
The Transmit Digital Interface Port has several modes of operation. In its default configuration, the Tx Port accepts six bit nibbles through the Tx [5:0] and Tx SYNC pins and demultiplexes the data into 12-bit words before passing it to the interpolation filter. The input data is sampled on the rising edge of fCLK-A. Additional programming options for the Tx Port allow: sampling the input data on the falling edge of fCLK-A, inversion or disabling of fCLK-A, and reversing the order of the nibbles. Also, the Tx Port interface can be controlled by the GAIN pin to provide direct access to the Rx Path Gain Adjust Register. All of these modes are fully described in the Register Programming Definitions section of this data sheet. The data format is twos complement, as shown below: 011 . . 11: Maximum 000 . . 01: Midscale + 1 LSB 000 . . 00: Midscale 111 . . 11: Midscale - 1 LSB 111 . . 10: Midscale - 2 LSB 100 . . 00: Minimum The data can be translated to a straight binary data format by simply inverting the most significant bit. The timing of the interface is fully described in the Transmit Port Timing section of this data sheet.
PLL-A CLOCK DISTRIBUTION
4 x LPF 2 x LPF 4 x BPF 2 x BPF 4 x BPF 4 x BPF Adj. Adj. Lower Upper 86 30 86 3 86 86 128 0 0.102 0 0.119 48 0 0.204 0 0.238 128 0.398 0.602 0.381 0.619 48 0.276 0.724 0.262 0.738 148 0.148/ 0.774 0.226/ 0.852 0.131/ 0.757 0.243/ 0.869 142 0.274/ 0.648 0.352/ 0.762 0.257/ 0.631 0.369/ 0.743
Figure 1 shows the clock signals used in the transmit path. The DAC sampling clock, fDAC, is generated by PLL-A. fDAC has a frequency equal to L x fOSCIN, where fOSCIN is the internal signal generated either by the crystal oscillator when a crystal is connected between the OSCIN and XTAL pins, or by the clock that is fed into the OSCIN pin, and L is the multiplier programmed through the serial port. L can have the values of 1, 2, 4, or 8.
REV. A
-15-
AD9876
D/A CONVERTER
The AD9876 DAC provides differential output current on the Tx+ and Tx- pins. The value of the output currents are complementary, meaning that they will always sum to IFS, the full-scale current of the DAC. For example, when the current from Tx+ is at full-scale, the current from Tx- is zero. The two currents will typically drive a resistive load that will convert the output currents to a voltage. The Tx+ and Tx- output currents are inherently ground seeking and should each be connected to matching resistors, RL, that are tied directly to AGND. The full-scale output current of the DAC is set by the value of the resistor placed from the FSADJ pin to AGND. The relationship between the resistor, RSET, and the full-scale output current is governed by the following equation:
I FS = 39.4 RSET
selected, or if the LPF is bypassed. If the wider (approximately 26 MHz) LPF bandwidth is selected, the gain range is -6 dB to +30 dB. The PGA is comprised of two sections, a continuous time PGA (CPGA) and a switched capacitor PGA (SPGA). The CPGA has possible gain settings of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30. The SPGA has possible gain settings of -6, -4, -2, 0, +2, +4, and +6 dB. Table V shows how the gain is distributed for each programmed gain setting. The CPGA input appears at the device Rx+ and Rx- input pins. The input impedance of this stage is nominally 270 differential and is not gain dependent. It is best to ac-couple the input signal to this stage and let the inputs self bias. This will lower the offset voltage of the input signal, which is important at higher gains, since any offset will lower the output compliance range of the CPGA output. When the inputs are driven by direct coupling, the dc level should be AVDD/2. However, this could lead to larger dc offsets and consequently reduce the dynamic range of the Rx path.
LOW-PASS FILTER
The full-scale current can be set from 2 to 20 mA. Generally, there is a trade-off between DAC performance and power consumption. The best DAC performance will be realized at an IFS of 20 mA. However, the value of IFS adds directly to the overall current consumption of the device. The single-ended voltage output appearing at the Tx+ and Tx- nodes are:
VTx + = I Tx + x R L VTx - = I Tx - x R L
The low-pass filter (LPF) is a programmable, multistage, fourth order filter comprised of two real poles and a complex pole pair. The first real pole is implemented within the CPGA. The second filter stage implements a complex pair of poles. The last real pole is implemented in a buffer stage that drives the SPGA. There are two pass-band settings for the LPF. Within each pass band the filters are tunable over about a 30% frequency range. The formula for the cutoff frequency is: fCUTOFF HIGH = f ADC x 158 (64 + Target ) where Target is the decimal value programmed as the tuning target in Register 5. This filter may also be bypassed by setting Bit 0 of Register 4. In this case, the bandwidth of the Rx path will decrease with increasing gain and will be approximately 50 MHz at the highest gain settings.
ADC
Note that the full-scale voltage of VTx+ and VTx- should not exceed the maximum output compliance range of 1.5 V to prevent signal compression. To maintain optimum distortion and linearity performance, the maximum voltages at VTx+ and VTx- should not exceed 0.5 V. The single-ended full-scale voltage at either output node will be:
V FS = I FS x R L
fCUTOFF LOW = f ADC x 64 (64 + Target )
The differential voltage, VDIFF, appearing across VTx+ and VTx- is: V DIFF = (TTx + - TTx - ) x R L and
V DIFF _ FS = I FS x R L
For optimum performance, a differential output interface is recommended since any common-mode noise or distortion can be suppressed. It should be noted that the differential output impedance of the DAC is 2 x RL and any load connected across the two output resistors will load down the output voltage accordingly.
RECEIVE PATH DESCRIPTION
The receive path consists of a two-stage PGA, a continuous time, 4-pole LPF, an ADC, a digital HPF, and a digital data multiplexer. Also working in conjunction with the receive path is an offset correction circuit and a digital phase-lock loop. Each of these blocks will be discussed in detail in the following sections.
PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
The PGA has a programmable gain range from -6 dB to +36 dB if the narrower (approximately 12 MHz) LPF bandwidth is
The AD9876's analog-to-digital converter implements a pipelined multistage architecture to achieve high sample rates while consuming low power. The ADC distributes the conversion over several smaller A/D subblocks, refining the conversion with progressively higher accuracy as it passes the results from stage to stage. As a consequence of the distributed conversion, ADCs require a small fraction of the 2N comparators used in a traditional n-bit flash-type A/D. A sample-and-hold function within each of the stages permits the first stage to operate on a new input sample while the remaining stages operate on preceding samples. Each stage of the pipeline, excluding the last, consists of a low resolution flash A/D connected to a switched capacitor DAC and interstage residue amplifier (MDAC). The residue amplifier amplifies the difference between the reconstructed DAC output and the flash input for the next stage in the pipeline. One bit of redundancy is used in each one of the stages to facilitate digital correction of flash errors. The last stage simply consists of a flash A/D.
-16-
REV. A
AD9876
CLOCK AND OSCILLATOR CIRCUITRY
AINP AINN SHA A/D D/A GAIN SHA A/D D/A GAIN A/D
CORRECTION LOGIC
AD9876
The AD9876's internal oscillator generates all sampling clocks from a fundamental frequency quartz crystal. Figure 3a shows how the quartz crystal is connected between OSCIN (Pin 1) and XTAL (Pin 48) with parallel resonant load capacitors as specified by the crystal manufacturer. The internal oscillator circuitry can also be overdriven by a TTL-level clock applied to OSCIN with XTAL left unconnected. The PLL has a frequency capture range between 10 MHz and 64 MHz.
AD9876
XTAL XTAL OSCIN Y1 C1 C2
Figure 2. ADC Theory of Operation
The digital data outputs of the ADC are represented in two's complement format. They saturate to full scale or zero when the input signal exceeds the input voltage range. The twos complement data format is shown below: 011 . . 11: Maximum 000 . . 01: Midscale + 1 LSB 000 . . 00: Midscale 111 . . 11: Midscale - 1 LSB 111 . . 10: Midscale - 2 LSB 100 . . 00: Minimum The maximum value will be output from the ADC when the Rx+ input is 1 V or more greater than the Rx- input. The minimum value will be output from the ADC when the Rx- input is 1 V or more greater than the Rx+ input. This results in a fullscale ADC voltage of 2 Vppd. The data can be translated to straight binary data format by simply inverting the most significant bit. The best ADC performance will be achieved when the ADC clock source is selected from fOSCIN and the OSCIN pin is driven from a low jitter clock source. The amount of degradation from jitter on the ADC clock will depend on how quickly the input is varying at the sampling instance. TPC 36 charts this effect in the form of ENOB vs. input frequency for the two clocking scenarios. The maximum sample rate of the ADC in Full-Precision Mode, that is outputting 12 bits, is 55 MSPS. TPC 33 shows the ADC performance in ENOB versus fADC. The maximum sample rate of the ADC in Half-Precision Mode, that is outputting five bits, is 64 MSPS. The timing of the interface is fully described in the Receive Port Timing section of this data sheet.
DIGITAL HPF
Figure 3a. Connections for a Fundamental Mode Crystal
VOLTAGE REGULATOR CONTROLLER
The AD9876 contains an on-chip voltage regulator controller (VRC) for providing a linear 1.3 V supply for low voltage digital circuitry or other external use. The VRC consists of an op amp and a resistive voltage divider. As shown in Figure 3b, the resistive divider establishes a voltage of 1.3 V at the inverting input of the amplifier when DVDD is equal to its nominal voltage of 3.3 V. The feedback loop around the op amp will adjust the gate voltage such that the voltage at the FB pin, VFB, will be equal to the voltage at the inverting input of the op amp.
3.3V
DVDD 2R
AD9876
S GATE G D FB VFB = 1.3V C SI2301 VOUT
1.3R
Figure 3b. Connections for 1.3 V Linear Regulator
Following the ADC, there is a bypassable digital HPF. The response is a single-pole IIR HPF. The transfer function is:
H (z ) = 1 - 0.99994Z -1
(
) (1 - 98466Z )
-1
where the sampling period is equal to the ADC clock period. This results in a 3 dB frequency approximately 1/400th of the ADC sampling rate. The transfer functions are plotted for 32 MSPS and 50 MSPS in TPC 29 and TPC 32. The digital HPF introduces a 1 ADC clock cycle latency. If the HPF function is not desired, the HPF can be bypassed and the latency will not be incurred.
The maximum current output from the circuit is largely dependent on the MOSFET device. For the SI2301 shown, 250 mA can be delivered. The regulated output voltage should have bulk decoupling and high frequency decoupling capacitors to ground as required by the load. The regulator circuit will be stable for capacitive loads between 0.1 F and 47 F. It should be noted that the regulated output voltage, VFB, is proportional to DVDD. Therefore, the percentage variation in DVDD will also be seen at the regulated output voltage. The load regulation is roughly equal to the ON resistance of the MOSFET device chosen. For the SI2301, this is about 60 m.
REV. A
-17-
AD9876
AGC TIMING CONSIDERATIONS
When implementing the AGC timing loop, it is important to consider the delay and settling time of the Rx path in response to a change in gain. Figure 4 shows the delay the receive signal experiences through the blocks of the Rx path. Whether the gain is programmed through the serial port or over the Tx [5:0] pins, the gain takes effect immediately with the delays shown below. When gain changes do not involve the CPGA, the new gain will be evident in samples after seven ADC clock cycles. When the gain change does involve the CPGA, it takes an additional 45 ns to 70 ns due to the propagation delays of the buffer, LPF and PGA. Table V, details the PGA programming map.
GAIN REGISTER 5ns DECODE LOGIC
Also, the Tx path can be used in a Reduced Resolution Mode by setting the Tx Port Multiplexer Bypass Bit (Register 7, Bit 0). In this mode, the Tx data-word becomes six bits and is read in a single cycle. The clocking modes are the same as described above, but the level of Tx SYNC is irrelevant. If Tx SYNC is low for more than one clock cycle, the last transmit data will read continuously until Tx SYNC is brought high for the second nibble of a new transmit word. This feature can be used to "flush" the interpolator filters with zeros.
PGA Adjust Timing
In addition to the serial port, the Tx [5:1] pins can be used to write to the Rx Path Gain Adjust Bits (Register 6, Bits 4:0). This provides a faster way to update the PGA gain. A high level on the GAIN pin with Tx SYNC low programs the PGA setting on either the rising edge or falling edge of CLK-A. The GAIN pin must be held high, Tx SYNC must be held low, and GAIN data must be stable for three clock cycles to successfully update the PGA GAIN value. A low level on the GAIN pin enables data to be fed to the interpolator and DAC.
tSU
CLK-A
DIGITAL HPF 1 CLK CYCLE
ADC 5 CLK CYCLE
SHA 1/2 CLK CYCLE
BUFFER 10ns
LPF 25ns or 50ns
PGA 10ns
Figure 4. AGC Timing
Transmit Port Timing
Tx SYNC
tHD
The AD9876 transmit port consists of a 6-bit databus Tx [5:0], a clock, and a Tx SYNC signal. Two consecutive nibbles of the Tx data are multiplexed together to form a 12-bit data-word. The clock appearing on the CLK-A pin is a buffered version of the internal Tx data sampling clock. Data from the Tx port is read on the rising edge of this sampling clock. The Tx SYNC signal is used to indicate to which word a nibble belongs. The first nibble of every word is read while Tx SYNC is low, the second nibble of that same word is read on the following Tx SYNC high level. The timing is illustrated in the Figure 5.
tSU
CLK-A
Tx [5:0]
GAIN
GAIN
Figure 6. GAIN Programming
Receive Port Timing
tHD
Tx SYNC
Tx [5:0]
Tx 0 LSB
Tx 1 MSB
Tx 1 LSB
Tx 2 MSB
Tx 2 LSB Tx 3 MSB
The AD9876 receives port consists of a six bit databus Rx [5:0], a clock, and an Rx SYNC signal. Two consecutive nibbles of the Rx data are multiplexed together to form a 10-/12-bit data-word. The Rx data is valid on the rising edge of CLK-A when the ADC Clock Source PLL-B/2 Bit (Register 3, Bit 6) is set to 0. The Rx SYNC signal is used to indicate to which word a nibble belongs. The first nibble of every word is transmitted while Rx SYNC is low, the second nibble of that same word is transmitted on the following Rx SYNC high level. When Rx SYNC is low, the sampled nibble is read as the most significant nibble. When the Rx SYNC is high, the sampled nibble is read as the least significant nibble. The timing is illustrated in Figure 7.
tHT
CLK-A/-B
Figure 5. Transmit Timing Diagram AD9876
The Tx Port is highly configurable and offers the following options. Negative edge sampling can be chosen by two different methods; either by setting the Tx Port Negative Edge Sampling Bit (Register 3, Bit 7) or the Invert CLK-A Bit (Register 8, Bit 6). The main difference between the two methods is that setting Register 3, Bit 7 inverts the internal sampling clock and will affect only the transmit path, even if CLK-A is used to clock the Rx data. However, inverting CLK-A would affect both the Rx and Tx paths if they both use CLK-A. The first nibble of each word can be read in as the least significant nibble by setting the Tx LS Nibble First Bit (Register 7, Bit 2).
tVT
Rx SYNC
Rx [5:0]
Rx 0 LSB Rx 1 MSB Rx 1 LSB Rx 2 MSB Rx 2 LSB
Rx 3 MSB
Figure 7. Receive Timing Diagram
The Rx Port is highly configurable and offers the following options. Negative edge sampling can be chosen by setting the Invert CLK-A Bit (Register 8, Bit 6) or the Invert CLK-B Bit (Register 8, Bit 7), depending on the clock selected as the ADC sampling
-18-
REV. A
AD9876
source. Inverting CLK-A would affect the Tx sampling edge as well as the Rx sampling edge. The first nibble of each word can be read in as the least significant nibble by setting the Rx LS Nibble First Bit (Register 8, Bit 2). Also, the Rx path can be used in a Reduced Resolution Mode by setting the Rx Port Multiplexer Bypass Bit (Register 8, Bit 0). In this mode, the Rx data-word becomes six bits and is read in a single cycle. The Clocking Modes are the same as described above, but the level of Rx SYNC will stay low. The Rx [5:0] pins can be put into a high impedance state by setting the Three-State Rx Port Bit (Register 8, Bit 3).
SERIAL INTERFACE FOR REGISTER CONTROL Bits I4:I0 - A4:A0
These bits determine which register is accessed during the data transfer portion of the communications cycle. For multibyte transfers, this address is the starting byte address. The remaining register addresses are generated by the AD9876/AD9875.
Serial Interface Port Pin Description SCLK--Serial Clock
The serial clock pin is used to synchronize data transfers to and from the AD9876 and to run the internal state machines. SCLK maximum frequency is 25 MHz. All data transmitted to the AD9876 is sampled on the rising edge of SCLK. All data read from the AD9876 is validated on the rising edge of SCLK and is updated on the falling edge.
SENABLE--Serial Interface Enable
The serial port is a 3-wire serial communications port consisting of a clock (SCLK), chip select (SENABLE), and a bidirectional data (SDATA) signal. The interface allows read/write access to all registers that configure the AD9876 internal parameters. Single or multiple byte transfers are supported as well as MSB first or LSB first transfer formats.
General Operation of the Serial Interface
The SENABLE pin is active low. It enables the serial communication to the device. SENABLE select should stay low during the entire communication cycle. All input on the serial port is ignored when SENABLE is inactive.
SDATA--Serial Data I/O
Serial communication over the serial interface can be from 1 to 5 bytes in length. The first byte is always the instruction byte. The instruction byte establishes whether the communication is going to be a read or write access, the number of data bytes to be transferred, and the address of the first register to be accessed. The instruction byte transfer is complete immediately upon the 8th rising edge of SCLK after SENABLE is asserted. Likewise, the data registers change immediately upon writing to the 8th bit of each data byte.
Instruction Byte
The signal on this line is sampled on the first eight rising edges of SCLK after SENABLE goes active. Data is then read from or written to the AD9876 depending on what was read. Figures 8 and 9 show the timing relationships between the three SPI signals.
tDS tPWH
SCLK
SENABLE
tSCLK tPWL
The instruction byte contains the following information as shown below.
Table II. Instruction Byte Information MSB I7 R/W I6 N1 I5 N0 I4 A4 I3 A3 I2 A2 I1 A1 LSB I0 A0
tDS
SDATA
tDH
INSTRUCTION BIT 6
INSTRUCTION BIT 7
Figure 8. Timing Diagram Register Write to AD9876
SENABLE
SCLK
tDV
Bit I7 - R/W
SDATA
DATA BIT n
DATA BIT n-1
This bit determines whether a read or a write data transfer will occur after the instruction byte write. Logic high indicates read operation; logic zero indicates a write operation.
Bits I6:I5 - N1:N0
Figure 9. Timing Diagram Register Read from AD9876
MSB/LSB Transfers
These two bits determine the number of bytes to be transferred during the data transfer cycle. The bit decodes are shown in the table below.
Table III. Decode Bits
N1:N0 0:0 0:1 1:0 1:1
Description Transfer 1 Byte Transfer 2 Bytes Transfer 3 Bytes Transfer 4 Bytes
The AD9876 serial port can support both most significant bit (MSB) first or least significant bit (LSB) first data formats. The bit order is controlled by the SPI LSB First Bit (Register 0, Bit 6). The default value is 0, MSB first. Multibyte data transfers in MSB format can be completed by writing an instruction byte that includes the register address of the last address to be accessed. The AD9876 will automatically decrement the address for each successive byte required for the multibyte communication cycle. When the SPI LSB First Bit (Register 0, Bit 6) is set high, the serial port interprets both instruction and data bytes LSB first. Multibyte data transfers in LSB format can be completed by writing an instruction byte that includes the register address of
REV. A
-19-
AD9876
the first address to be accessed. The AD9876 will automatically increment the address for each successive byte required for the multibyte communication cycle. Figures 10a and 10b show how the serial port words are built for each of these modes.
INSTRUCTION CYCLE SENABLE SCLK SDATA
R/W I6(N) I5(N) I4
Notes on Serial Port Operation
The serial port is disabled and all registers are set to their default values during a hardware reset. During a software reset, all registers except Register 0 are set to their default values. Register 0 will remain at the last value sent, with the exception that the Software Reset Bit will be set to 0. The serial port is operated by an internal state machine and is dependent on the number of SCLK cycles since the last time SENABLE went active. On every eighth rising edge of SCLK, a byte is transferred over the SPI. During a multibyte write cycle, this means the registers of the AD9876 are not simultaneously updated but occur sequentially. For this reason, it is recommended that single byte transfers be used when changing the SPI configuration or performing a software reset.
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
I3
I2
I1
I0 D7N D6N
D20 D10 D00
Figure 10a. Serial Register Interface Timing MSB-First
INSTRUCTION CYCLE SENABLE SCLK SDATA
I0
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
I1
I2
I3
I4 I5(N) I6(N) R/W D00 D10 D20
D6N D7N
Figure 10b. Serial Register Interface Timing LSB-First
Table IV. Register Layout
Address (hex) 0 1 PowerDown Regulator PowerDown Regulator Tx Port Negative Edge Sampling Rx Port Negative Edge Sampling Bit 7 Bit 6 SPI LSB First PowerDown PLL-B PowerDown PLL-B ADC Clock Source PLL-B/2 Bit 5 Software Reset PowerDown PLL-A PowerDown PLL-A PowerDown DAC PowerDown DAC PowerDown Interpolator PowerDown Interpolator PowerDown Rx Reference PowerDown Rx Reference PowerDown ADC and FPGA PowerDown ADC and FPGA PowerDown Rx LPF and CPGA PowerDown Rx LPF and CPGA Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Default (hex) 0 x 00 0 x 00 Comments Read/Write Read/Write PWR DN Pin Low Read/Write PWR DN Pin High Read/Write
2
0 x 9F
3
PLL-B (xM) Multiplier <5:4>
PLL-B ( N) Divider <3:3> Wideband Rx LPF
PLL-A (xM) Multiplier <1:0> Enable 1-Pole Rx LPF Rx LPF Bypass
0 x 02
4
Rx LPF Rx Path Rx Digital Fast ADC Tuning DC Offset HPF Sampling In Progress Correction Bypass (Read-Only) Rx LPF fc Adjust <7:0> PGA Gain Set by Register Interpolation Filter Select <3:0>
0 x 01
Read/Write
5 6
0 x 80 0 x 00
Read/Write Read/Write
Rx Path Gain Adjust <4:0>
7
Power-Down Tx Port Interpolator LS Nibble at First Tx QUIET Pin Low Disable CLK-A Three-State Rx Port Rx Port LS Nibble First
Tx Port Demultiplexer Bypass
0 x 00
Read/Write
8
Invert CLK-B
Invert CLK-A
Disable CLK-B
Rx Port Multiplexer Bypass
0 x 00
Read/Write
F
Die Revision Number <3:0>
Read- Only
-20-
REV. A
AD9876
REGISTER PROGRAMMING DEFINITIONS REGISTER 0 - RESET/SPI CONFIGURATION Bit 5: Software Reset
fCLKIN is selected as the ADC sampling clock source and should be used as the ADC sampling clock whenever possible.
Bit 1, 0: PLL-A Multiplier
Setting this bit high resets the chip. The PLLs will relock to the input clock and all registers (except Register 0 x 0, Bit 6) revert to their default values. Upon completion of the reset, Bit 5 is reset to 0. The content of the interpolator stages are not cleared by software or hardware resets. It is recommended to "flush" the transmit path with zeros before transmitting data.
Bit 6: SPI LSB First
Bits 1 and 0 determine the multiplication factor (L) for PLL-A and the DAC sampling clock frequency, fDAC. fDAC = L x fCLKIN Bit 1, 0 0, 0: L = 1 0, 1: L = 2 1, 0: L = 4 1, 1: L = 8
Bit 5 to 2: PLL-B Multiplier/Divider
Setting this bit high causes the serial port to send and receive data least significant bit (LSB) first. The default low state configures the serial port to send and receive data most significant bit (MSB) first.
REGISTERS 1 AND 2--POWER-DOWN
The combination of the PWR DN pin and Registers 1 and 2 allow for the configuration of two separate pin selectable power settings. The PWR DN pin selects between two sets of individually programmed operation modes. When the PWR DN pin is low, the functional blocks corresponding to the bits set in Register 1 will be powered down. When the PWR DN pin is high, the functional blocks corresponding to the bits set in Register 2 will be powered down.
Bit 0: Power-Down Receive Filter and CPGA
Bits 5 to 2 determine the multiplication factor (M) and division factor (N) for the PLL-B and the CLK-B frequency. For multiplexed 10-/12-bit data, fCLK-B = fCLKIN x M/N. For nonmultiplexed 6-bit data, fCLK-B = (fCLKIN/2) x M/N. All nine combinations of M and N values are valid, yielding seven unique M/N ratios. Bit 5,4 0, 0: M = 3 0, 1: M = 4 1, 0: M = 6
Bit 6: ADC Clock Source PLL-B/2
Bit 3,2 0, 0: N = 2 0, 1: N = 4 1, 0: N = 1
Setting Bit 6 high selects PLL-B/2 as the ADC sampling clock source. In this mode, the Rx data and CLK-B will run at a rate of fCLK-B. Rx SYNC will run at fCLK-B/2. Setting Bit 6 low selects the fCLKIN signal as the ADC sampling clock source. This mode of operation yields the best ADC performance if an external crystal is used or a low jitter clock source drives the OSCIN pin.
Bit 7: Tx Port Negative Edge Sampling
Setting this bit high powers down and bypasses the Rx LPF and coarse programmable gain amplifier.
Bit 1: Power-Down ADC and FPGA
Setting this bit high powers down the ADC and fine programmable gain amplifier (FPGA).
Bit 2: Power-Down Rx Reference
Setting this bit high powers down the ADC reference. This bit should be set if an external reference is applied.
Bit 3: Power-Down Interpolators
Setting Bit 7 high will cause the Tx Port to sample the Tx DATA and Tx SYNC on the falling edge of CLK-A. By default, the Tx Port sampling occurs on the rising edge of CLK-A. The timing is shown in Figure 5.
REGISTER 4--RECEIVE FILTER SELECTION
Setting this bit high powers down the transmit digital interpolators. It does not clear the content of the data path.
Bit 4: Power-Down DAC
Setting this bit high powers down the transmit DAC.
Bit 5, Bit 6: Power-Down PLL-A, PLL-B
Setting these bits high powers down the on-chip phase-lock loops that generated CLK-A and CLK-B, respectively. When powered down, these clocks are high impedance.
Bit 7: Power-Down Regulator
The AD9876 receive path has a continuous time 4-pole LPF and a 1-pole digital HPF. The 4-pole LPF has two selectable cutoff frequencies. Additionally, the filter can be tuned around those two cutoff frequencies. These filters can also be bypassed to different degrees as described below. The continuous time 4-pole low-pass filter is automatically calibrated to one of two selectable cutoff frequencies. The cutoff frequency fCUTOFF is described as a function of the ADC sampling frequency fADC and can be influenced ( 30%) by the Rx Filter Tuning Target word in Register 5. fCUTOFF HIGH = f ADC x 158 (64 + Target )
Bit 0: Rx LPF Bypass
Setting this bit high powers down the on-chip voltage control regulator.
REGISTER 3--CLOCK SOURCE CONFIGURATION
The AD9876 integrates two independently programmable PLLs referred to as PLL-A and PLL-B. The outputs of the PLLs are used to generate all the chips internal and external clock signals from the fCLKIN signal. All Tx path clock signals are derived from PLL-A. If fCLKIN is programmed as the ADC sampling clock source, then the Rx port clocks are also derived from PLL-A. Otherwise, the ADC sampling clock is PLL-B/2 and the Rx path clocks are derived from PLL-B. There is a restriction that the values of L and K both be equal to 4 when fCLKIN is selected as the ADC sampling clock source. However, the best receive path performance is obtained when REV. A
fCUTOFF LOW = f ADC x 64 (64 + Target )
Setting this bit high bypasses the 4-pole LPF. The filter is automatically powered down when this bit is set.
Bit 1: Enable 1-Pole Rx LPF
The AD9876 can be configured with an additional 1-pole ~16 MHz input filter for applications that require steeper filter roll-off or want to use the 1-pole filter instead of the 4-pole receive lowpass filter. The 1-pole filter is untrimmed and subject to cutoff frequency variations of 20%. -21-
AD9876
Bit 2: Wideband Rx LPF Table V. PGA Programming Map
This bit selects the nominal cutoff frequency of the 4-pole LPF. Setting this bit high selects a nominal cutoff frequency of 28.8 MHz. When the wideband filter is selected, the Rx path gain is limited to 30 dB.
Bit 3: Fast ADC Sampling
Rx Path Gain [4:0] 0 x 00 0 x 01 0 x 02 0 x 03 0 x 04 0 x 05 0 x 06 0 x 07 0 x 08 0 x 09 0 x 0A 0 x 0B 0 x 0C 0 x 0D 0 x 0E 0 x 0F 0 x 10 0 x 11 0 x 12* 0 x 13* 0 x 14* 0 x 15*
Rx Path Gain -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30/30 30/32 30/34 30/36
CPGA Gain -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 0 0 0 6 6 6 12 12 12 18 18 18 18/24 18/24 18/24 18/24
SPGA Gain 0 2 4 6 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10 12/6 12/8 12/10 12/12
Setting this bit increases the quiescent current in the SVGA block. This may provide some performance improvement when the ADC sampling frequency is greater than 50 MSPS (in 6-Bit Mode).
Bit 4: Rx Digital HPF Bypass
Setting this bit high bypasses the 1-pole digital HPF that follows the ADC. The digital filter must be bypassed for ADC sampling above 50 MSPS.
Bit 5: Rx Path DC Offset Correction
Writing a 1 to this bit triggers an immediate receive path offset correction and reads back zero after the completion of the offset correction.
Bit 6: Rx LPF Tuning in Progress
This bit indicates when the receive filter calibration is in progress. The duration of a receive filter calibration is about 500 ms. Writing to this bit has no effect.
Bit 7: Rx Port Negative Edge Sampling
Setting this bit high disables the automatic background receive filter calibration. The AD9876 automatically calibrates the receive filter on reset and every few (~2) seconds thereafter to compensate for process and temperature variation, power supply, and long term drift. Programming a 1 to this bit disables this function. Programming a 0 triggers an immediate first calibration and enables the periodic update.
REGISTER 5--RECEIVE FILTER TUNING TARGET
*When the Wideband Rx Filter Bit is set high, the Rx Path Gain is limited to 30 dB. The first of the two values in the chart refers to this mode. The second number refers to the mode when the lower Rx LPF Cutoff Frequency is chosen, or the Rx LPF Filter is bypassed.
REGISTER 7--TRANSMIT PATH SETTINGS
This register sets the filter tuning target as a function of fOSCIN. See Register 4 description.
REGISTER 6--Rx PATH GAIN ADJUST
The AD9876 transmit path has a programmable interpolation filter that proceeds the transmit DAC. The interpolation filter can be programmed to operate in seven different modes. Also, the digital interface can be programmed to operate in several different modes. These modes are described below.
Bit 0: Transmit Port Demultiplexer Bypass
The AD9876 uses a combination of a continuous time PGA (CPGA) and a switched capacitor PGA (SPGA) for a gain range of -6 dB to +36 dB with a resolution of 2 dB. The Rx path gain can be programmed over the serial interface by writing to the Rx Path Gain Adjust Register or directly using the GAIN and MSB aligned Tx [5:1] Bits. The register default value is 0 x 00 for the lowest gain setting (-6 dB). The register always reads back the actual gain setting irrespective of which of the two programming modes were used. Table V describes the gains and how they are achieved as a function of the Rx Path adjust bits.
Bit 5: PGA Gain Set by Register
Setting Bit 0 high bypasses the input data demultiplexer. In this mode, consecutive nibbles on the Tx [5:0] pins are treated as individual words to be sent through the Tx path. This creates a six bit data path. The state of Tx SYNC is ignored in this mode.
Bit 2: Transmit Port Least Significant Nibble First
Setting Bit 2 high reconfigures the AD9876 for a Transmit Mode that expects least significant nibble before the most significant nibble.
Bit 3: Power-Down Interpolator at Tx QUIET Pin Low
Setting this bit high will result in the Rx Path Gain being set by writing to the PGA Gain Control Register. Default is zero which selects writing the gain through the Tx [5:1] pins in conjunction with the gain pin.
Setting Bit 3 high enables the Tx QUIET pin to shut off the DAC output. If the bit is set to 1, then pulling the Tx QUIET pin low will power down the interpolator filters. In most applications, the interpolator filter will need to be flushed with 0s before or after being powered down.
-22-
REV. A
AD9876
Bit 4 to Bit 7: Interpolation Filter Select
Bits 4 to 7 define the interpolation filter characteristics and interpolation rate. Bits 7:4; 0 x 2; Interpolation Bypass 0 x 0; see TPC 1. 4x Interpolation, LPF 0 x 1; see TPC 2. 2x Interpolation, LPF 0 x 4; see TPC 3. 4x Interpolation, BPF, Adjacent Image 0 x 5; see TPC 4. 2x Interpolation, BPF, Adjacent Image 0 x 8; see TPC 5. 4x Interpolation, BPF, Lower Image 0 x C; see TPC 6. 4x Interpolation, BPF, Upper Image The interpolation factor has a direct influence on the CLK-A output frequency. When the transmit input data multiplexer is enabled (10-/12-Bit Mode): f CLK - A = 2 x f DAC K where K is the interpolation factor. When the transmit input data multiplexer is disabled (5-/6-Bit Mode):
circuits. Following the power, grounding and layout recommendations in this section will help you get the best performance from the MxFE.
Component Placement
If the three following guidelines of component placement are followed, chances for getting the best performance from the MxFE are greatly increased. First, manage the path of return currents flowing in the ground plane so that high frequency switching currents from the digital circuits do not flow on the ground plane under the MxFE or analog circuits. Second, keep noisy digital signal paths and sensitive receive signal paths as short as possible. Third, keep digital (noise generating) and analog (noise susceptible) circuits as far away from each other as possible. In order to best manage the return currents, pure digital circuits that generate high switching currents should be closest to the power supply entry. This will keep the highest frequency return current paths short and prevent them from traveling over the sensitive MxFE and analog portions of the ground plane. Also, these circuits should be generously bypassed at each device which will further reduce the high frequency ground currents. The MxFE should be placed adjacent to the digital circuits, such that the ground return currents from the digital sections will not flow in the ground plane under the MxFE. The analog circuits should be placed furthest from the power supply. The AD9876 has several pins that are used to decouple sensitive internal nodes. These pins are REFIO, REFB, and REFT. The decoupling capacitors connected to these points should have low ESR and ESL. These capacitors should be placed as close to the MxFE as possible and be connected directly to the analog ground plane. The resistor connected to the FSADJ pin should also be placed close to the device and connected directly to the analog ground plane.
Power Planes and Decoupling
f CLK- A = f DAC K
where K is the interpolation factor.
REGISTER 8--RECEIVER AND CLOCK OUTPUT SETTINGS Bit 0: Rx Port Multiplexer Bypass
Setting this bit high bypasses the Rx Port output multiplexer. This will output only the 6 MSBs of the ADC word. This mode enables ADC sampling rates above 55 MSPS.
Bit 2: Rx Port LS Nibble First
Reconfigures the AD9876 for a Receive Mode that expects less significant bits before the most significant bits.
Bit 3: Three-State Rx Port
This bit sets the receive output Rx [5:0] into a high impedance Three-State Mode. It allows for sharing the bus with other devices.
Bit 4, Bit 5: Disable CLK-A, Disable CLK-B
Setting Bit 4 or Bit 5 stops CLK-A or CLK-B, respectively, from toggling. The output is held low. Setting Bit 4 or Bit 5 fixes CLK-A or CLK-B to a low output level, respectively.
Bit 6: Invert CLK-A
Setting Bit 6 high inverts the CLK-A output signal.
Bit 7: Invert CLK-B
Setting this bit high inverts the CLK-B output signal. This effectively changes the timing of the Rx [5:0] and Rx SYNC signals from rising edge triggered to falling edge triggered with respect to the CLK-B signal.
REGISTER F, DIE REVISION
This register stores the die revision of the chip. It is a ReadOnly Register.
PCB DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Although the AD9876 is a mixed-signal device, the part should be treated as an analog component. The digital circuitry on-chip has been specially designed to minimize the impact that the digital switching noise will have on the operation of the analog
The AD9876 evaluation board demonstrates a good power supply distribution and decoupling strategy. The board has four layers: two signal layers, one ground plane, and one power plane. The power plane is split into a 3VDD section used for the 3 V digital logic circuits, a DVDD section used to supply the digital supply pins of the AD9876, an AVDD section used to supply the analog supply pins of the AD9876/AD9875, and a VANLG section that supplies the higher voltage analog components on the board. The 3VDD section will typically have the highest frequency currents on the power plane and should be kept the furthest from the MxFE and analog sections of the board. The DVDD portion of the plane brings the current used to power the digital portion of the MxFE to the device. This should be treated similarly to the 3VDD power plane and be kept from going underneath the MxFE or analog components. The MxFE should largely sit on the AVDD portion of the power plane. The AVDD and DVDD power planes may be fed from the same low noise voltage source; however, they should be decoupled from each other to prevent the noise generated in the DVDD portion of the MxFE from corrupting the AVDD supply. This can be done by using ferrite beads between the voltage source and DVDD and between the source and the AVDD. Both DVDD and AVDD should have a low ESR, bulk decoupling capacitor
REV. A
-23-
AD9876
on the MxFE side of the ferrite as well as a low ESR, ESL decoupling capacitors on each supply pin (i.e., the AD9876 requires five power supply decoupling caps, one each on Pins 5, 38, 47, 14, and 35). The decoupling caps should be placed as close to the MxFE supply pins as possible. An example of the proper decoupling is shown in the AD9876 evaluation board schematic.
Ground Planes Signal Routing
In general, if the component placing guidelines discussed earlier can be implemented, it is best to have at least one continuous ground plane for the entire board. All ground connections should be made as short as possible. This will result in the lowest impedance return paths and the quietest ground connections. If the components cannot be placed in a manner that will keep the high frequency ground currents from traversing under the MxFE and analog components, it may be necessary to put current steering channels into the ground plane to route the high frequency currents around these sensitive areas. These current steering channels should be made only when and where necessary.
The receive Rx and Rx signals are the most sensitive signals on the entire board. Careful routing of these signals is essential for good receive path performance. The Rx and Rx signals form a differential pair and should be routed together as a pair. By keeping the traces adjacent to each other, noise coupled onto the signals will appear as common mode and will be largely rejected by the MxFE receive input. Keeping the driving point impedance of the receive signal low and placing any low-pass filtering of the signals close to the MxFE will further reduce the possibility of noise corrupting these signals.
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS 48-Lead Plastic Quad Flatpack [LQFP] 1.4 mm Thick (ST-48)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
1.60 MAX 0.75 0.60 0.45
PIN 1 INDICATOR 9.00 BSC
48 1 37 36
1.45 1.40 1.35
0.20 0.09
SEATING PLANE
TOP VIEW
(PINS DOWN)
7.00 BSC
0.15 0.05
SEATING PLANE
7 3.5 0 0.08 MAX COPLANARITY
VIEW A
12 13 24 25
VIEW A
ROTATED 90 CCW
0.50 BSC
0.27 0.22 0.17
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-026BBC
Revision History
Location 10/02--Data Sheet changed from REV. 0 to REV. A. Page
Changes to to Table IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Changes to REGISTER 3--CLOCK SOURCE CONFIGURATION section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Updated OUTLINE DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 -24- REV. A
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
C02599-0-10/02(A)
The digital Rx and Tx signal paths should be kept as short as possible. Also, the impedance of these traces should have a controlled characteristic impedance of about 50 . This will prevent poor signal integrity and the high currents that can occur during undershoot or overshoot caused by ringing. If the signal traces cannot be kept shorter than about 1.5 inches, series termination resistors (33 to 47 ) should be placed close to all signal sources. It is a good idea to series-terminate all clock signals at their source, regardless of trace length.

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